Nationalism and Sectionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nationalism and Sectionalism - Essay Example This was a mighty issue which would generate much debate and ultimately foster sectionalism, which was so fervent until the label of Federalist (those who supported a strong central government) and anti-federalist (opposed to the watering down of state sovereignty created substantial followings. James Madison and John Tyler served together in the Virginia General Assembly. They devised a plan for a state's convention to be held in Annapolis, Maryland in September 1786. At this convention, the two men proposed that macro commerce is controlled and regulated by the Continental Congress. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton issued a report on the Annapolis meeting. The meeting amplified the urgency to reverse the economic trends. In their report to Congress, including an appeal addressed to Congress, to have the states appoint delegates for a gathering in Philadelphia. Further, that the announcement of purpose to all delegates, was to be a revision of the Articles of Confederation. Thou gh some members of Congress viewed this move as a stepping on their Congressional â€Å"toes†, nonetheless, the delegates from each state were summarily notified by Congress. â€Å"Rhode Island viewed the gathering as an attempt to circumvent their strong state sovereignty. The men of the state had a strong attachment to paper currency; they had low taxes and a state government which was supportive. Many other Americans also had misgivings, which were aligned with the men of Rhode Island. Patrick Henry was rumored to have said.† I smell a rat†. ... strong central government) and anti-federalist (opposed to the watering down of state sovereignty created substantial followings. James Madison and John Tyler served together in the Virginia General Assembly. They devised a plan for a states convention to be held at Annapolis, Maryland in September 1786. At this convention the two men proposed that macro commerce be controlled and regulated by the continental Congress. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton issued a report on the Annapolis meeting. The meeting amplified the urgency to reverse the economic trends. In their report to Congress (Madison and Hamilton), included an appeal addressed to Congress, to have the states appoint delegates for a gathering in Philadelphia. Further, that the announcement of purpose to all delegates, was to be a revision in the Articles of Confederation. Though some members of Congress viewed this move as a stepping on their Congressional "toes", nonetheless, the delegates from each state were summarily notified by Congress. "Rhode Island viewed the gathering as an attempt to circumvent their strong state sovereignty. The men of the state had a strong attachment to paper currency; they had3 low taxes and a state government which was supportive. They sent no delegates to Philadelphia. Many other Americans also had misgivings, which were aligned with the men of Rhode Island. Patrick Henry was rumored to have said." I smell a rat". (Quinn) Patrick Henry articulated his belief in the "sanction of place". It was the precursor of the adage or

Short Answer Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short Answer Questions - Essay Example When one is able to clarify the values it gives an opportunity to identify the strength needed in displaying ones profession of nursing. One is able to give services with the help of both personal and profession values. Values are classified according to profession, for example the nursing profession requires patience ,love and honesty. Therefore is it important for to clarify the values in order to execute services in a more diligent way. Public figures are the people entitled to serve the public and most of them do the opposite with their value requirements. This is not the same with the those of professional figures because profession requires direct application of those values in discharging of services .Doctors are professional figures and they execute duties according to their personal and professional values. Public figures have odds in terms of value application because they do things that don’t result from the values they are expected from them. Politicians for instance have odds in terms of their values. They engage in corruption, bribery and tribalism during giving services to the public. This is totally wrong since they are leaders and they should exercise leadership values. The term professional refers to a description of an individual who is competent or skilled in a particular activity. It can also mean a person who is involved in a particular activity as an occupation. Abortion and voluntary euthanasia are important but critical issues related to life and death. They involve use of ethical issues that require legal decisions . Personal interventions are also required before making a decision on abortion and voluntary euthanasia. Abortion is a service that should be offered only under certain conditions of the patient. Legal procedure may follow where the attorney is involved. A person’s will or decision to undergo may be approved after consideration of several valid

A Major Issue Surrounding Religion In Africa Research Paper

A Major Issue Surrounding Religion In Africa - Research Paper Example The challenges that this continent is facing is presumed to not only haunt them in the next decade but they will be of concern to the wider international community as well. This paper aims at providing an analysis of the contemporary issues that confront the continent especially related to religion. I will try to cover different religions that exist in this continent. What are the major issues related to it? I will try to analyze them in the light of past and present so that a theme could be developed that connects the historical and contemporary world. In order to do so we have to peep into the traditional religions of Africa as well as into Islam, this is predominantly the current religion of Africa. I will also try to analyze how religion affects the continent today and what are the defining factors. An analysis of the issues surrounding religion is not possible in isolation. A number of other factors have their own strong impact ( (Deagan) on it such as development, culture, demo cratic environment, health and security, conflicts, arms and reconstruction. Any study done without taking into consideration all these facts will not be based on reality. In short we can say it will be inconclusive. So I will do a detailed analysis and will draw conclusion based on all these factors. We cannot deny the social importance of religion. Religion is an important strand of society. It provides a value system that underpins the foundation of society. Without a common value system of which religion is an important thread, the concept of society is not possible. Religious Plurality in Africa African history is very vast and old. Africa has religious plurality. Religious plurality means sharing of different religious traditions by the same family, immediate or extended, similar ethnic groups and nations. Many religions exist side by side. Members of the same family may follow different religions. If we take a closer look we can categorize the religions in Africa into three t iers, Traditional religions, Christianity and Islam. After Second World War self concept of Africans has changed due to political, intellectual changes around them. History of Religion in Africa The recorded history of Africa dates back to 3000 BC in Egypt. People worshipped gods like Isis, Horus, Osiris, Ra, and Hapi. This was the case within Egypt. In West Africa the trend was to worship single god like sky god. Monotheism that is belief in single god also originated in Egypt in 1300 B.C. that led to worshipping of Akenanten. Religious history is deeply influenced by political history. (History of Religions in Africa) Conquerors of Africa always influenced the religion of the region. Africa was conquered by Greeks, Romans and Phoenicians after the death of Akenanten and each of them influenced the concept of god. The great change in the religious beliefs of the Africans came in 300 AD. Roman emperors believed in Christianity and that is how Christianity entered this region. Even a t that time Christianity was not the only religion. The Bantu faith, who believed in Polytheism, was also expanding in Southern Africa at that time. They believed in the powers of ghosts and evil powers, which supposedly had great influence on their lives. They worshipped ghosts of dead kings and heroes. Islam entered into this region in 600 AD. This shift

Criminal Procedures Seminar - Week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Criminal Procedures Seminar - Week 2 - Essay Example The contact is only consensual if a citizen voluntarily stops to communicate with a law enforcer. For instance, traffic stops do not require a suspicion to justify the contact. On the other hand, a Terry stop, which is often a brief detention, lies between a consensual encounter and an arrest. Even so, it demands â€Å"reasonable articulable suspicion† of an ongoing or future criminal activity. An arrest occurs if a police stops a citizen and they are not â€Å"free to leave†. There are basic factors used to coerce a search or an arrest. A â€Å"probable cause† of arrest exists if there is hard evidence or coherent facts that signify the presence or future occurrence of a crime by the person the police stop (Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2014). A person can only be under arrest if police are aware of a crime and have substantial evidence, for instance, if they smell drugs, or see a weapon. During encounters, the searches are often appropriate, although there are times when it is inappropriate. A search is only appropriate if there is â€Å"reasonable suspicion† of a current or future occurrence of a crime. A search is appropriate if a person seems anxious or answers questions contradictorily. One is often in more trouble for telling a lie as compared to simply keeping quiet. In any case, police will inform them of their rights, such as the right to remain silent, in the process of an

Government investigation of suspected terrorists Essay

Government investigation of suspected terrorists - Essay Example The government is tasked with the responsibility of ensuring the safety of its citizens and all investments within a country. Without adequate intelligence and data collection on suspected terrorists, it is impossible to prevent any terrorist attack. Without this ability, a government would lose its stability and its citizens would lose confidence in it, a recipe for social unrest. Everyone has right to privacy and civil liberty, but preventive measures should always be put in place to achieve a certain degree of safety. Monitoring the personal lives of terrorists ensure that any terrorism plans are detected early and stopped before any considerable damage is done. It also ensures that their accomplices, supporters, and financiers are identified and dealt with according to the law. Terrorism preventive strategies have the potential to cause harassment of innocent civilians and immigrants. Hence, the government should be obligated to be accountable for its actions at all times. Prying into anybody’s personal life should be done only when it is utterly necessary and for security

Wilkerson Company Case Essay Example for Free

Wilkerson Company Case Essay 1. The Wilkerson Company is in the business of manufacturing valves, pumps and flow controllers. The company has been experiencing profit losses due to price reductions as a result of heavy competition in the pump category, which is considered a commodity product. In the valves category, Wilkerson seems to be a market leader with a loyal customer base. The valve business is less competitive, with no price reductions, and therefore the company has maintained its gross margin target while not compromising market share. Similarly to the valve business, the flow controller category is not as competitive as the pump industry, hence Wilkersons ability to increase price by 10% without sacrificing volume. In addition, the company needs to take into consideration its increase in indirect expenses relatively to the direct labor expenses. All in all, the company has seen its pre-tax margin decrease from 10% to 3%. 2. Adopting a periodic expense approach will severe the already current problems with Wilkersons cost system by distorting even more the actual cost picture. The reason is that the periodic method would ignore the companys product mix as each of the 3 categories has a differentiated direct cost structure. This would therefore create an even more incorrect analysis of the companys profit structure. Although the current cost allocating system is not optimal (as will be discussed later), it is still preferable over the periodic system, which does not take into account any overhead costs when analyzing product margins and the margins effect on the overall profit. 3. Today, Wilkerson uses a simple cost accounting system which charges each unit of product for direct material and labor cost. Material cost is based on the component price, while labor rates are charged to products based on the production run times of each product. Then, the overhead costs are allocated to each of the 3 products as a percentage of production run direct labor costs (currently 300%). 4. Table 1: Activity Based Costs Drivers and Rates Table 2: Calculations of product margins based on current method: Table 3: Calculations of product margins using proposed Activity Based Costing: The shifts in costs and profitability seen above are driven by all the factors that are not taken into account in the current cost allocation system: production runs, number of shipments and hours of engineering work. We believe that these factors are optimal for estimating the cost per product. For example, if we look at the flow controllers, we can see that they have the least machine hours but the highest values of all cost drivers mentioned above. This dramatic difference distorts the cost analysis and favors the flow controllers on the account of the valves and especially the pumps. 5. There are number of options to improve the companys profitability: * Flow Controller Price Increase: As described in the case, Wilkerson has recently raised flow controller prices by 10% without effect on volume. This leads us to believe that it would be possible to further increase prices in order to improve the products losing gross margin (-10%). * Flow Controller Cost Reduction: In addition to a possible price increase, Wilkerson must find a way to lower costs. This may be done by lowering the number of shipments (cost driver) to customers. According to the current agreements with customers, products are packaged and shipped for just-in-time delivery. This method substantially increases the number of shipments and packaging related expenses. This change can be successfully carried out by offering customers volume related discounts in order to decrease the total number of shipments by increasing the size of each shipment. The rationale behind this recommendation is that the cost driver is the number of shipments, rather than the size of each shipment. * Company Product Mix: Based on our profitability calculations for each category, Wilkerson can improve its total profit and profitability by changing its mix to favor valves rather than pumps. Moreover, there is room to consider reducing or even stopping the manufacturing of flow controllers. 6. Our concern regarding our cost estimates used in the previous sections is that the data in exhibits 1, 2, 4, used for all calculations, is based on a single month and does not necessarily reflect a typical month. A more accurate way to estimate cost would be to rely on a longer period of time (perhaps annual). In order to improve our cost and profitability estimates it would be helpful to have information regarding GA, Selling and Marketing cost drivers so we could allocate them directly to each product cost as well. Lastly, we assumed it possible to further increase flow controller prices without affecting the sales volume. It would be helpful to have more data regarding changes in prices and effect on their sales volume. 7. A number of changes may be made to the current compensation method in order to improve profit: * Higher compensation for sales of high profit margin products in order to improve sales mix as mentioned above. * Relative compensation to quantity of sale. This will also promote the goal of cost reduction as it will decrease the number of shipments.

An Effective Communication Tool Marketing Essay

An Effective Communication Tool Marketing Essay This essay will explain the various communication tools that Cadbury has used in communicating the desired position to target market and will describe two TV ads communication campaign and online game communication campaign, meanwhile evaluate the company has effectively communicated the desired position based on these campaigns. A part from that, Cadbury has used three communication mix, advertising, sales promotion, and public relations. Cadbury, provides one of the most successful example of how an advertising message can be modified from one campaign to the next to attribute new values to a brand giving consumers more reasons to buy Cadbury, the same creative message is then communicated through point of sale, merchandising, package design and public relations. Cadbury always look at creative and commercial success separately. It started with a drumming gorilla, the most successful advert of 2007. The video went viral on the internet, as users posted it on video-sharing sites and e-mailed friends. It also, if less memorably, boosted sales of Daily Milk by 9 per cent, helping Cadbury to reverse its fortunes after the confectioner had lost market position and was suffering from the fallout of a salmonella scare and also created bad public relations. Now Cadbury is hoping to repeat the trick with a new  £3.7 million campaign to come up with the third in its series of adverts for Cadbury. This advertising also can co nsider as reminder advertising because it keeps consumer thinking about the brand. The advert features two children, a boy and a girl wearing a dress in the trademark Cadbury purple sitting for what appears to be a standard school photograph session. The fun starts when the photographers light testing is interrupted by a ringing phone. The alarm phone from the boys digital wrist watches transform into a full blown remix of the 1980s Freestyle hit, Dont Stop the Rock. Two mischievous children performing bizarre eyebrow dance moves to an electro-funk soundtrack. One-minute television and cinema advertisement for Cadbury chocolates is thought to have been viewed more than four million times on YouTube in its first three weeks. The commercial, released in the UK on January 23, has the potential to hook a new generation of fans while attracting the attention of those coming of age in the mid 1980s. Based on research (), it is twice the number of viewings racked up at the same stage by the firms previous cult clip, in which a gorilla plays drums. According to YouTube, Cadbury Gorilla Advert in 2007 has 5 million viewers and Eyebrows Advert has 7 million of viewers, this is a huge amount of increased and it also leads customer awareness about Cadbury. This advertisement brings a message content that consists emotional appeal because the idea is to create an antidote to the gloom to make consumers smile, a minute and a half of joy, and enjoyable as the product. The manager wants to ensure that this antidote is spread as far and wide. Therefore, Cadbury paid for 40 per cent of the population to see 60 per cent recognized it and this came from digital exposure. First came the e-mails among friends linking to YouTube clips, them came to remixes and the spoofs. It is edging up to one million views and at one point it was the third-most-watched clip on the website, behind Barack Obamas inauguration speech. Despite consumer goods marketing traditionally using the persuasion model (buy this because it works/tastes good). Cadbury believes that less direct advertising creates curiousity, such as the gorilla campaign, is most effective. The old Gorilla drumming ads is probably made people feel a bit curious, people probably wondered if it was actually a trained monkey or a man in a suit. People might or might not have noticed it was for Cadburys chocolates, and if people did think like this, people might also have wondered why a drumming gorilla should make people want to buy chocolate. All these thoughts are Cadburys objectives to create reminder of the brand to the publicity. Eyebrows is a simple form of advertisement, most people smile when look at the idea, and that was the strongest indicator that Cadbury were on to something. In my opinion, Eyebrows is the new Glass and A Half Full Production from Cadbury Dairy Milk which will bring a smile to our consumers and customer. The Eyebrows campaign will be fully supported through the line with a large Digital and Public Relations campaign which will raise a few Eyebrows and lots of smile throughout the time the campaign is on air. Sales promotion is the second communication tools used by Cadbury. Cadbury developed a website game that provides education to children with sales promotion at the same time. Traditionally, parents buy Freddo as treats for kids, brand awareness campaigns have been aimed at these parents, hoping they would continue to choose Freddo frogs based on passive advertising, TV and print. From an awareness point of view these campaigns worked, as awareness was at 99%. However, sales were on the decline. The reason is when it comes to treats today, parents still buy but it is the kids who choose. Therefore, Cadbury starts to develop a unique brand entertainment channel for Freddo to again create a deeper awareness because people do not aware of the existence of Freddo game. First, Cadbury will identify the target customer which is the parents and the children to remind them Cadbury Freddo is one of the choices to purchase as a gift. In my opinion, Cadbury is using determine communication objectives to convince the consumer to buy their product. Cadbury stopped marketing the brand product, chocolate frogs; and started marketing the brand character, Freddo. Freddo leaping onto the internet and inspiring children to learn new skills online developed under the theme of edu-tainment. Cadbury engaged teachers and child psychologists to bring this experience to life. In addition, they also give knowledge to the consumer and children to make them like the video game. The video game called The Adventures of Freddo one and two, the adventures of Freddo website featuring animated storytelling, games and activities for young consumers. It has already attracted 160,000 registered players for the first episode of adventures of Freddo in 2009. It allows children beings to explore Freddo online world they will uncover the first animated adventure The Secret of the Golden Keys. Freddo, along with his friends Ashley, Hannah and Zac, set off on a quest through time to save their teacher Professor Jeffrey and defeat the monster Cane Toad Goaf. In my opinion, Cadbury are trying to make the children prefer Cadbury Freddo brand compare to the others brands and trying to get them into conviction and make them to play the game or purchase the Cadbury Freddo Chocolate. The adventures of Freddo Two (The Mystery of Slater Island) followed the successful of first online adventure of Freddo the Frog. So now, Australias iconic chocolate frog is back for a second season. Launching in the March 2010 school holidays The Adventures of Freddo of the Mystery of Slater Island introduces exciting characters and an engaging new way to become part of Freddos universe. Once again, kids are along for the ride; completing immersive, educational games and activities that are sewn right into the storyline. Cadbury also developed a 31 seconds tv advertisement that brings emotional appeal showing a story about Freddo Prince Frog. This TV advertisement has launched during shared family viewing times in the daytime and afternoon. In my point of view, Cadbury are using reminder advertising to keeps consumer thinking about Freddo. The reward of the game and TV ads has been massive growth in brand. The result shows that over 200,000 kids registered, 500,000 episodes watched, 3,000,000 games played, over 30,000,000 minutes spent on the site and 25% sale increased. However, the Adventures of Freddo website has attracted criticism, it upset the health lobby who see it as promoting chocolate products to children. The Coalition on Food Advertising to Children disputed Cadburys assessment of the campaign and said there were loopholes in the self-regulatory code. They concluded that the marketing its use of interactive games to lure children into the branded environment. Cadbury argues that the advertising messaging did not undertake direct marketing of foods to children. Marketing activity to promote was targeted at parents. Parents are the gatekeepers. Kids are unable to go on the website without parents registering the kids. . In my opinion, the game and TV ads create or increases pester power of buying Cadbury Freddo chocolate. The third communication tools used by Cadbury are Public Relations. Cadbury has the art of building good corporate relation with the number of public including society. The first tools that used in the practice of public relations are creating event and giveaways. The Cadbury Freddo Roadshow at Auckland Zoo, children learn all about New Zealands four endangered species of native frogs, and how to help to save them. Every visitor to the Freddo Frog Roadshow will receive an educational booklet for further studies. The second tools are sponsorship. Cadbury receive many requests every day for donations and support. One of the examples is Learning Links. Learning Links is an Australia charity and non-profit organisation formed to help children who have learning disabilities, difficulties and development delays and their families. Cadbury also used public relations to counter poor publicity. For example the Adventure of Freddo game has attracted criticism from some quarters of the health lobby for targeting young children with chocolate. Internet marketing is renowned for its use of interactive games to lure children into the branded environment. Cadbury explains to the community that the site is an example of responsible marketing to children with no chocolate featured on the site. It does not market to children under 12. They are just creating an educational game for children who are under 12. Cadbury also provides identity media such as Freddo cartoon tattoo to children as a gift for purchasing a packet of Cadbury Freddo. In the other hand, Cadbury also created bad public relations in 2006. A rare strain of the Salmonella bacteria is detected and it affecting seven of its products, it has been caused by a leaking pipe. The Health Protection Agency established that 37 people, many of them young children had become ill after eating infected chocolate. More than a million of chocolate bars recalled. This creates bad public relations to the publicity. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article5634660.ece http://www.aglassandahalffullproductions.co.nz/milk-chocolate/cadbury-advert.html Theory http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4634737/Dancing-eyebrows-advert-for-Cadburys-becomes-a-hit.html Cadbury Eyebrows Raised in Electric Boogaloo http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article5634660.ece ADD THE PROVE of eyebrows has increase the number of viewer comparing with the godrila and truck add. (DONE) Provide the public relations has increase the awareness ? Based on research (), the message that wants to bring to the public from this advertisement is Over at Glass and a Half Full Productions we noticed that wriggly potential of eyebrows and thought we would have a bit of fun with them, said the Cadbury marketing director. In addition, like the other production Eyebrows is all about losing yourself and embracing that moment of joyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦after all, everybody remembers pulling a silly face or getting up to no good as a child when backs were turned.